Directly subjected to the Fhrer were the Reichsleiter ("Reich Leader(s)"the singular and plural forms are identical in German), whose number was gradually increased to eighteen. Reinforcing the work of the junior leaders were the National Socialist Leadership Guidance Officers, which were created with the purpose of indoctrinating the troops for the "war of extermination" against Soviet Russia. In early 1933, just before Hitler's appointment to the chancellorship, the party showed an under-representation of "workers", who made up 30% of the membership but 46% of German society. It begins with World War I, the short-lived Bavarian soviet republic, and the counter-revolution in Munich and Bavaria that followed it. 1934/1935 Kurt Schmitt returns to Allianz Munich, the capital of Bavaria, is one of the most beautiful cities in Germany. 19401941 Brief drop in premium War-Documentary. Temporary exhibitions and interventions offer current and international perspectives and focus on certain aspects. For example, the two large plane trees were moved to . However, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin in June 1921, a mutiny broke out within the party in Munich. 1935 Largest reinsurer again The Nazi Party,[a] officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei[b] or NSDAP), was a far-right[8][9][10] political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. [110] All German businesses abroad were also required to have their own Nazi Party Ausland-Organization liaison men, which enabled the party leadership to obtain updated and excellent intelligence on the actions of the global corporate elites. If you have more time, the illuminated tables offer additional information on various topics. Although socialism was traditionally an internationalist creed, the radical wing of Nazism knew that a mass base existed for policies that were simultaneously anticapitalist and nationalist. Gaue that were divided into more than one Gau bear the designation D in the column "later became." Munich: National Socialism Historical Tour, Munich - Learn about Munich's poignant history from a professional guide. [48] Hitler began to make the party more public, and organised its biggest meeting yet of 2,000 people on 24 February 1920 in the Staatliches Hofbruhaus in Mnchen. This was a strictly hierarchical structure in which orders flowed from the top and unquestioning loyalty was given to superiors. ", The irregular Swiss branch of the Nazi Party also established a number of Party Gaue in that country, most of them named after their regional capitals. The use of symbols associated with the party is outlawed in many European countries, including Germany and Austria. 7% belonged to the upper class, another 7% were peasants, 35% were industrial workers and 51% were what can be described as middle class. Why Was Nazi Germany Called the Third Reich? A political ideology is a set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social movement, institution, or a large group. On 1 December 1933, the Law to Secure the Unity of Party and State entered into force, which was the base for a progressive intertwining of party structures and state apparatus. Munich: Verlag Frz. To protect the supposed purity and strength of the Aryan race, the Nazis sought to disenfranchise, segregate, and eventually exterminate Jews, Romani, Poles, Slavs, black people, the physically and mentally disabled, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and political opponents. It was through their miserable cowardice that those ruffians of Jews who came into power in 1918 were able to rob the nation of its arms.". They were stopped by the Bavarian police on Residenzstrae, just before reaching Feldherrnhalle. In almost every respect it was an anti-intellectual and atheoretical movement, emphasizing the will of the charismatic dictator as the sole source of inspiration of a people and a nation, as well as a vision of annihilation of all enemies of the Aryan Volk as the one and only goal of Nazi policy. Yet the book's high sales also echo the outpouring of interest in the newly-opened Munich National Socialism Documentation Center, an exhibition hall and teaching facility on the site of Hitler . The inability of the democratic parties to form a united front, the self-imposed isolation of the Communists and the continued decline of the economy, all played into Hitler's hands. By the 1930s, the party's main focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. The temples were destroyed in the post-war years. [f] Later, both the Social Democrats and the Communists accused each other of having facilitated Hitler's rise to power by their unwillingness to compromise. 1941 Acquisition of echoslavia in Prague The Hitler Youth was formed for the children of party members. This period of the city's history will be discussed while visiting various distinctive locations on a guided walking tour. On the night of 8 November, the Nazis used a patriotic rally in a Munich beer hall to launch an attempted putsch ("coup d'tat"). Conversely, white-collar employees (19% of members and 12% of Germans), the self-employed (20% of members and 10% of Germans) and civil servants (15% of members and 5% of the German population) had joined in proportions greater than their share of the general population. According to the agreement, Czechoslovakia had to cede Sudetenland to the German Reich, without saying anything on the matter. As Hitler became the recognised head of the German nationalists, other groups declined or were absorbed. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. After the First World War, the 'National Socialist German Workers Party' (NSDAP) emerged from anti-Semitic and radical right-wing circles in the Bavarian capital with Adolf Hitler becoming its leading figure. He accused them of having conspired to stage a coup d'tat, but it is believed that this was only a pretense to justify the suppression of any intraparty opposition. [76] On 16 February 1925, Hitler convinced the Bavarian authorities to lift the ban on the NSDAP and the party was formally refounded on 26 February 1925, with Hitler as its undisputed leader. The notion of combining the concepts of "national" and "social" became popular in Germany before World War I. Hitler attended one of its meetings that year, and before long his energy and oratorical skills would enable him to take over the party, which was renamed National Socialist German Workers Party in 1920. Fascism (e.g., National Socialism and Italian Fascism) and Marxism (i.e., Socialism and Communism) are disparate political ideologies. You can use the map during your trip, you only need internet access. The Board of Management complies with the National Socialists' expectations. A considerable profit was made as a result of aryanisation. The National Socialist German Workers' Party (German ; Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), also known as the Nazi Party, was a German political party.It was started in 1920 from the German Workers' Party (German: Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, DAP), which would later be renamed the NSDAP. Apart from Munich Re, the association includes the Italian insurers Generali and Riunione, and Schweizer Rck. Unlike a Gauleiter, a Reichsleiter did not have individual geographic areas under their command, but were responsible for specific spheres of interest. However, Nazism was far more extreme both in its ideas and in its practice. Only in the 1980s did the widespread tendency to try to forget or deny the past prompt an increasing number of Munichs citizens to campaign for a lively culture of remembrance. [h] Of these, 10 were designated as Reichsgaue: 7 of them for Austria, one for the Sudetenland (annexed from Czechoslovakia) and two for the areas annexed from Poland and the Free City of Danzig after the joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 at the onset of World War II. [62] Crowds began to flock to hear his speeches. Visitors to the exhibition | NS-Dokumentationszentrum Mnchen, photo: Connolly Weber Photography, View of the exhibition | NS-Dokumentationszentrum Mnchen, photo: Connolly Weber Photography. Hitlers apartment is not open to visitors. In addition to this, youll also find one of the earliest concentration camps that opened all over Germany in 1933. 102 photographic prints ; 24 x 18 cm. [51] In general, the manifesto was antisemitic, anti-capitalist, anti-democratic, anti-Marxist and anti-liberal. Such was the significance of this particular move in publicity that Karl Harrer resigned from the party in disagreement. Only the SA retained some autonomy. Beneath the Gauleiter were lower-level officials, the Kreisleiter ("county leaders"), Zellenleiter ("cell leaders") and Blockleiter ("block leaders"). Fhrerbau was the place, where Neville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler signed the Munich Agreement in 1938. These groups drew their members from war veterans groups and paramilitary organizations and were organized under the name Sturmabteilung (SA). [113] Getting the leadership of the individual Gaue to co-operate with one another proved difficult at times since there was constant administrative and financial jockeying for control going on between them. In 1934, Schmitt asks to be relieved from his position as Reich Minister of Economics. [104][105] The estimated total number includes the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish Poles,[105] over three million Soviet prisoners of war,[106] communists, and other political opponents, homosexuals, the physically and mentally disabled.[107][108]. On February 18, 1943, Gestapo arrested Hans and Sophie, while distributing their sixth leaflet inside the university. For example, Alois Alzheimer travels to Hungary in June 1944 and arranges for the Director of Europische Gter- und Reisegepck-Versicherung in Budapest and his brother to be allowed to continue working as accountants. Feldherrnhalle is a beautiful logia located at Odeonsplatz, next to Munich Residence. While the Nazis maintained the nominal existence of state and regional governments in Germany itself, this policy was not extended to territories acquired after 1937. During the 1920s, this reactionary milieu contrasted with a different Munich of liberal and democratically-minded citizens. Munich is officially known as the Capital of the Movement (Hauptstadt der Bewegung) of National Socialism. In 1933, after Hitler came to power, Feldherrnhalle turned into a place of worship for the fallen Nazis in the Beer Hall Putsch. Formerly only a sub-organisation of the SA, it was made into a separate organisation of the NSDAP in July 1934. It traces the origins of the Nazism and tries to explain how Hitler came into power. Despite these poor results and despite Germany's relative political stability and prosperity during the later 1920s, the Nazi Party continued to grow. It also emphasized the inequality of humans and races and the right of the strong to rule the weak; sought to purge or suppress competing political, religious, and social institutions; advanced an ethic of hardness and ferocity; and partly destroyed class distinctions by drawing into the movement misfits and failures from all social classes. A comprehensive exhibition publication Mnchen Hauptstadt der Bewegung. 1941 to 1943 Association for the coverage of large risks The party also formed groups in other parts of Germany. It has been made brief and clear intentionally. Nazi Germany had been established, yet the Reichswehr remained impartial. Had the other parties united, this could have been prevented, but their shortsightedness made a united front impossible. The result was weak ministries governing by decree. It considers individual and organized nonconformity, opposition, and resistance ranging from symbolic acts of disobedience to organized assassination attempts, and looks at how disparate groups. In 1918, a league called the Freier Arbeiterausschuss fr einen guten Frieden (Free Workers' Committee for a good Peace)[28] was created in Bremen, Germany. [111][pageneeded]. Since 1923, camouflaged transactions in countries where German companies are unwelcome or have no market access are conducted via the Swiss subsidiary Union Rck. The party also owed its growth to the gradual fading away of competitor nationalist groups, such as the German National People's Party (DNVP). This is the only instance in which Munich Re uses the occupation for a takeover. They were interrogated and executed by beheading on February 22. To finance their flight and escape anti-Semitic persecution, thousands of Jews cancel their life insurance. [112][pageneeded] By 1941, there were 42 territorial Gaue for Greater Germany. Kristallnacht (Crystal Night) is also known as the night of broken glass, because of the shards of broken glass left on the streets after the looting. This so-called Beer Hall Putsch attempt failed almost at once when the local Reichswehr commanders refused to support it. To be close to all Third Reich sites in Munich, Always book tours or skip the lines tickets with. Omissions? In fact, this is where Hitler started his political career as a speaker. Today, the whole building is a property of the Bavarian state and it is used by the Munich Police. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Interested in WWII? They are questions that concern all of us. The Fhrerbau served as the main headquarters of the Nazi Party since 1937 onward. Party members could not be related either directly or indirectly to a so-called "non-Aryan". The Nazi hierarchy frequently referred to the 25 Points as an "unalterable expression" of the party's political philosophy: Hitlers intellectual viewpoint was influenced during his youth not only by these currents in the German tradition but also by specific Austrian movements that professed various political sentiments, notably those of pan-Germanic expansionism and anti-Semitism. The exhibition outlines the crimes in which soldiers and police from Munich were involved during the war and describes everyday life in the city during wartime, both for the German population and for those who were persecuted and discriminated. They were held regularly every year, until the beginning of the Second World War in 1939. National Socialist German Students' Union, National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise, National Socialist German Doctors' League, An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, German National Movement in Liechtenstein, around 6million Jews and millions of other targeted victims, twenty-five points of the German Workers' Party manifesto, Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Socialist German Students' League, National Socialist German University Lecturers' League, flag with the off-centre swastika and disc, [natsionalzotsialst dt abatpata], Historischer Verein des Kantons Bern 1973, "Administrative Structure under National Socialism (1941)", Program of the Nazi Party, its "Manifesto", Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) 19201933, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) 19331945, National Political Institutes of Education, Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD), Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD), Old Social Democratic Party of Germany (ASPD), Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD), Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy (SHBLD), Christian National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (CNBL), Reich Party of the German Middle Class (WP), Reich Party for Civil Rights and Deflation (VRP), National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB), National Socialist League for Physical Exercise (NSRL), German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation, National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party, British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women, Fdration d'action nationale et europenne, National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom), National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden), Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists, Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party, United Hungarian National Socialist Party, Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit, National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement, An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus, The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia, Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics, Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund fr Leibesbungen, Union of Young Fascists Vanguard (boys), Union of Young Fascists Vanguard (girls), Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nazi_Party&oldid=1144828043, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020, Articles needing additional references from February 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Articles with German-language sources (de), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, After Hitler was candidate for presidency, During Hitler's term as Chancellor of Germany, from 25 November 1925 to 1 September 1926, Reich League of German Officials (union of civil servants, predecessor to, National Socialist League for the Maintenance of the Law (NSRB, 19361945, earlier National Socialist German Lawyers' League), This page was last edited on 15 March 2023, at 20:12. The permanent exhibition "Munich and National Socialism" extends over four floors with large-format pictures, documents and media installations. The charming Old Town of Munich witnessed some of the most infamous events in German history the Beer Hall Putsch, the terror of the SA, the destruction of synagogues. [123] Among higher-ranking officers, 29% were NSDAP members by 1941.[124]. To it was added the tradition of political romanticism, with its sharp hostility to rationalism and to the principles underlying the French Revolution, its emphasis on instinct and the past, and its proclamation of the rights of Friedrich Nietzsches exceptional individual (the bermensch [Superman]) over all universal law and rules. Hitler was assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the DAP. Its power only ended when Germany lost World War II. The former Capital of the Movement' played a pioneering . These include the former Fhrer Building and the plinth of the Nazi Temples of Honor. These authentic historic places thus form part of the exhibition. Munich as a center of persecution and resistance is another focus (Uhlfelder Department Store). Papen, his successor Kurt von Schleicher and the nationalist press magnate Alfred Hugenberg spent December and January in political intrigues that eventually persuaded President Hindenburg that it was safe to appoint Hitler as Reich Chancellor, at the head of a cabinet including only a minority of Nazi ministerswhich he did on 30 January 1933. Nazism attempted to reconcile conservative, nationalist ideology with a socially radical doctrine. Programme of the NSDAP, 24 February 1920. The Treaty of Versailles (1919), the formal settlement of World War I drafted without German participation, alienated many Germans with its imposition of harsh monetary and territorial reparations. Hitler moved to Germany and settled in Munich in 1913. Hitler's original name suggested was the Social Revolutionary Party. Beneath the Leadership Corps were the party's regional leaders, the Gauleiters, each of whom commanded the party in his Gau ("region"). Hitler moved into an apartment on the second floor of the building in 1929. 1938 Kurt Schmitt is appointed Chair [50] Through these points he gave the organisation a much bolder stratagem[48] with a clear foreign policy (abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, a Greater Germany, Eastern expansion and exclusion of Jews from citizenship) and among his specific points were: confiscation of war profits, abolition of unearned incomes, the State to share profits of land and land for national needs to be taken away without compensation. On 20 July 1932, the Prussian government was ousted by a coup, the Preussenschlag; a few days later at the July 1932 Reichstag election the Nazis made another leap forward, polling 37% and becoming the largest party in parliament by a wide margin. By now the SA had 400,000 members and its running street battles with the SPD and Communist paramilitaries (who also fought each other) reduced some German cities to combat zones. [69] The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Corrections? Our German ancestors held certain lands in common. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. For the culmination of the rise, see, National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB), National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (NSRL), Combat League of Revolutionary National Socialists (KGRNS), South African Gentile National Socialist Movement, National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina), Adoption of Italian fascism: The Beer Hall Putsch, After taking power: intertwining of party and state, Some sources say the name change happened on 1 April 1920. [36] The DAP did not attempt to make itself public and meetings were kept in relative secrecy, with public speakers discussing what they thought of Germany's present state of affairs, or writing to like-minded societies in Northern Germany. [32] Later in 1918, Karl Harrer (a journalist and member of the Thule Society) convinced Drexler and several others to form the Politischer Arbeiter-Zirkel (Political Workers' Circle). It was put under the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) in 1939, which then coordinated SD, Gestapo and criminal police, therefore functioning as a hybrid organisation of state and party structures. A reorganisation of the Gaue was enacted on 1 October 1928. To find answers, Munich is a good place to startafter all, this is the city where National Socialism originated. [66], Hitler's talent as an orator and his ability to draw new members, combined with his characteristic ruthlessness, soon made him the dominant figure. Both are Jews. [83][pageneeded] When asked in an interview in 1934 whether the Nazis were "bourgeois right-wing" as alleged by their opponents, Hitler responded that Nazism was not exclusively for any class and indicated that it favoured neither the left nor the right, but preserved "pure" elements from both "camps" by stating: "From the camp of bourgeois tradition, it takes national resolve, and from the materialism of the Marxist dogma, living, creative Socialism".[84]. As early as 1920, the party was raising money by selling a tobacco called Anti-Semit. The building at Prinzregentenplatz 16 was his last and the most famous residence. These included: In addition to the Nazi Party proper, several paramilitary groups existed which "supported" Nazi aims. Yet although right-wing extremism and antisemitism have been shunned by society since 1945, the mindsets that foster these tendencies have lived on and in some cases resulted in politically motivated acts of terrorism and violence, such as the attack at Munichs Oktoberfest beer festival in 1980 or the murders committed by the right-wing extremist organization National-Socialist Underground (NSU) in the early 2000s. The city that once hosted the infamous party rallies, now it would witness the fall of the Nazis. Hitler soon acquired the title Fhrer ("leader") and after a series of sharp internal conflicts it was accepted that the party would be governed by the Fhrerprinzip ("leader principle"). More information about your visit. It can be purchased at the museum cashier or in our online shop for 22. [92] The Sicherheitsdienst (SD, formally the "Security Service of the Reichsfhrer-SS") that had been created in 1931 as an intraparty intelligence became the de facto intelligence agency of Nazi Germany. De-Nazification and democratization marked Germanys new beginning and reconstruction following its defeat. Munich Re acquires several properties owned by Jews at prices below their market value. It was from here that political opposition groups and unwelcome forms of art were suppressed. Led by Hans and Sophie Scholl, the movement practised non-violent resistance by distributing inflammatory leaflets. Schmitt becomes the President of the association and heads it until it collapses in late 1943 when Italy changes sides. Party members who lived outside Germany were pooled into the Auslands-Organisation (NSDAP/AO, "Foreign Organization"). Police officers, including members of the Gestapo, frequently held SS rank for administrative reasons (known as "rank parity") and were likewise not required to be members of the Nazi Party. Keep in mind that the courtroom is still in use. You will need to plan about one and a half hours for a visit that takes in the thirty-three large-format main panels. Below the Fhrer's chancellery was first the "Staff of the Deputy Fhrer", headed by Rudolf Hess from 21 April 1933 to 10 May 1941; and then the "Party Chancellery" (Parteikanzlei), headed by Martin Bormann. Following the unsuccessful National Socialist revolt in Munich in November of 1923, a number of members of the Hitler movement emigrated from Germany to the US. Anti-Democratic, anti-Marxist and anti-liberal to explain how Hitler came into power Scholl, the of. These groups drew their members from War veterans groups and unwelcome forms of art suppressed! World War I, the short-lived Bavarian soviet republic, and the plinth the... 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